Medical Ultrasound Imaging
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Ultrasound Elastography
Ultrasound elastography is a specialized imaging technique that provides information about tissue elasticity or stiffness. It is used to assess the mechanical properties of tissues, helping to differentiate between normal and abnormal tissue conditions.
The basic principle behind ultrasound elastography involves the application of mechanical stress to the tissue and measuring its resulting deformation. This is typically achieved by using either external compression or shear waves generated by the ultrasound transducer.
There are two main types of ultrasound elastography:
Strain Elastography: In strain elastography, the tissue is mechanically compressed using the ultrasound transducer, causing deformation. The transducer then captures images before and after compression, and the software analyzes the displacement or strain between these images. Softer tissues tend to deform more than stiffer tissues, and this information is used to generate a color-coded map or elastogram, where softer areas appear in different colors compared to stiffer regions.
Shear Wave Elastography: Shear wave elastography involves the generation of shear waves within the tissue using focused ultrasound beams. These shear waves propagate through the tissue, and their velocity is measured using the ultrasound transducer. The speed of shear wave propagation is directly related to tissue stiffness: stiffer tissues transmit shear waves faster than softer tissues. By calculating the shear wave velocity, an elastogram is generated, providing a quantitative assessment of tissue stiffness.

Both strain elastography and shear wave elastography offer valuable insights into tissue characteristics and can assist in the diagnosis and characterization of various conditions. In clinical practice, ultrasound elastography is particularly useful for evaluating liver fibrosis, breast lesions, thyroid nodules, prostate abnormalities, and musculoskeletal conditions. By providing additional information about tissue stiffness, ultrasound elastography enhances the diagnostic capabilities of traditional ultrasound imaging. It allows for non-invasive assessment, improves the accuracy of tissue characterization, and aids in treatment planning and monitoring of various medical conditions.
See also Ultrasound Accessories and Supplies, Sonographer and Ultrasound Technology.
Vascular Ultrasound
Vascular ultrasound obtains images and measures blood flow velocity in the carotids, abdominal aorta, and vessels of kidneys, arms, or legs. Blockages in arteries, blood clots in veins, or abdominal aortic aneurysm can be detected.
These abnormalities in blood flow are usually examined with different Doppler techniques. In addition, the speed and direction of blood flow can be color coded in a color map. Duplex techniques show both, the vessels and the surrounding tissue. The use of ultrasound contrast agents improves the left ventricular opacification in cardiac ultrasound examination. Usually, for a vascular ultrasound no special preparation is needed.

See also Echocardiography, Venous Ultrasound, Adventitia, Intima, Temporal Mean Velocity, and Intravascular Ultrasound.
iU22
www.medical.philips.com/main/products/ultrasound/general/iu22/ From Philips Medical Systems;
'The Philips iU22 system combines Intelligent Design, including breakthroughs in ergonomics, with Intelligent Control, providing new levels of automation, to give you revolutionary performance and workflow.'
Device Information and Specification
APPLICATIONS
Abdominal, cardiac (also for adults with TEE), musculoskeletal (also pediatric), OB/GYN, prostate, smallparts, transcranial, vascular
CONFIGURATION
17' high resolution non-interlaced flat CRT, 4 active probe ports
RANGE OF PROBE TYPE
Multi-frequency, 4D, convex - micro convex, phased array, linear, specialty
IMAGING OPTIONS
CrossXBeam spatial compounding, coded ultrasound acquisition),speckle reduction imaging (SRI), TruScan technology store raw data, CINE review with 4 speed types
OPTIONAL PACKAGE
Transesophageal scanning, stress echo, tissue velocity imaging (TVI), tissue velocity Doppler (TVD), contrast harmonic imaging
STORAGE, CONNECTIVITY, OS
Patient and image archive, HDD, DICOM 3.0, CD/DVD, MOD, Windows-based
DATA PROCESSING
Digital beamformer with 1024 system processing channel technology
H*W*D m (inch.)
1.62 * 0.61 * 0.99 (64 * 22 * 43)
WEIGHT
kg (345 lbs.)
POWER CONSUMPTION
ALOKA SSD-500V
www.aloka.com/products/view_system.asp?id=9 From ALOKA Co., Ltd.;
'A High-Quality, Portable Veterinary Ultrasound System.
The SSD-500V is a rugged, portable convex sector/linear scanner that offers versatility, superb image quality and reliable performance in a compact design. This 22 lb system has Electronic dynamic focus and 256 shades of gray that produces high-quality images.
The SSD-500V includes comprehensive measurement and analysis packages. Measurements include distance/depth, area, circumference, velocity, heart rate, ratio and angle. The system also included obstetrical analysis functions that can calculate estimated gestational age and expected date of confinement.
In addition, customized obstetrical tables can be easily created. The SSD-500V software package also includes left ventricular function software for M-mode Cardiac evaluation.
The 500V provides excellent clinical versatility − for use in both small and large animal applications − using a wide range of optional convex and linear array transducers.'

Acoustic Impedance
(Z) The acoustic impedance is dependent on the density of the material in which sound is propagated through. When an ultrasonic wave crosses an interface between tissues with different acoustic impedance, the wave divides in 2 components, and the energy of the reflected components directly relates with the acoustic impedance.
The greater the impedance the more dense the material, and the greater the difference in acoustic impedance between two adjacent tissues the more reflective will be their boundary.
The acoustic impedance (the unit is 'Rayl') is the product of the sound velocity and the physical dense.
The acoustic impedance is very high between air or bone and other body tissues, therefore not enough energy crosses these interfaces, and no information can be collected from organs placed behind them.

See also Mirror Artifact, Reverberation Artifact, Cross Talk and Ultrasound Physics.
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 [last update: 2023-11-06 01:42:00]