Medical Ultrasound Imaging
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Searchterm 'Ultrasound' found in 466 articles
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Ultrasound Contrast Agent Safety
The various gas microbubble contrast media are generally safe with low toxicity in humans. The tolerance of these agents is much higher than that of most x-ray agents, a reflection perhaps of the higher expectation of safety and convenience for ultrasound.
Extensive preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated an excellent ultrasound contrast agent safety profile, the main side effect being a mild and transient local discomfort at the injection site which results from the high osmolality of these agents. Each contrast agent has its own profile of adverse effects, but all have been trivial thus far.

See also Ultrasonic Contrast Agents.
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High Intensity Focused Ultrasound
(HIFU / FUS) High intensity focused ultrasound is used in thermotherapy or thermoablation e.g., for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia or under study for the treatment of cancer.
An applied ultrasound probe (see transrectal sonography) focuses sound waves at one spot, elevating the tissue temperature to a point that the tissue destroys. Generally, lower frequencies (from 250 kHz to 2000 kHz) are used than for medical diagnostic ultrasound, but significantly higher time-averaged intensities.

See also Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound, Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound, and Lithotripsy.
Ultrasound Accessories and Supplies
Common ultrasound supplies that are often used in conjunction with ultrasound imaging:
Ultrasound Gel:
A water-based gel used as a coupling agent between the transducer and the patient's skin. It helps eliminate air pockets and ensures good sound wave transmission.
Probe Covers:
Disposable covers designed to maintain hygiene and prevent cross-contamination. These covers are placed over the transducer before each examination.
Cleaning Wipes:
Alcohol-based or disinfectant wipes used for cleaning and disinfecting the transducer and other equipment surfaces. Specific cleaning solutions are recommended by the ultrasound equipment manufacturer for thorough cleaning of transducers.
Gel Warmers:
Devices used to warm ultrasound gel, providing patient comfort during the examination.
Needle Guides:
Attachments or brackets that assist in accurate needle placement during ultrasound-guided procedures such as biopsies or injections.
Positioning Aids:
Cushions, wedges, or straps designed to help position patients correctly and comfortably during ultrasound exams.

Common ultrasound accessories that are often used in conjunction with ultrasound imaging:
Transducer Storage Rack:
A dedicated rack or holder to store transducers safely when not in use, helping to prevent damage.
Storage and Archiving Solutions:
External hard drives, network storage, or cloud-based systems for long-term storage and backup of ultrasound images and reports. Possibly specialized printers that produce hard copies of ultrasound images for immediate documentation and patient records.
Power Supply and Transducer Cable Extenders:
Extension cables used to increase the length of transducer cables for more flexibility during examinations. Adequate power sources or uninterrupted power supply (UPS) to ensure continuous operation of the ultrasound machine during power outages or fluctuations.
Reporting Templates and Software:
Customizable reporting templates and software solutions that facilitate efficient and standardized reporting of ultrasound findings.
Phantom Devices:
Artificial tissue-like structures or phantoms used for training, calibration, and quality assurance purposes to evaluate image quality and system performance.

Consult with ultrasound equipment vendors or professionals in the field to determine the specific accessories and supplies that best suit your imaging needs and specialty. See also Equipment Preparation, Environmental Protection, Portable Ultrasound Machine, Ultrasound Technology, Ultrasound System Performance and Sonographer.
Vascular Ultrasound Contrast Agents
Vascular ultrasound contrast agents are gas microbubbles with a diameter less than 10 μm (2 to 5 μm on average for most of the newer agents) to pass through the lung capillaries and enter into the systemic circulation. Air bubbles in that size persist in solution for only a short time; too short for systemic vascular use in medical ultrasound imaging. So the gas bubbles have to be stabilized to persist long enough and survive pressure changes in the heart.
Most vascular contrast media are stabilized against dissolution and coalescence by the presence of additional materials at the gas-liquid interface. In some cases, this material is an elastic solid shell that enhances stability by supporting a strain to counter the effect of surface tension. In other cases, the material is a surfactant, or a combination of two or more surfactants.
Typically the effective duration of vascular enhancement is a few minutes, after which the microbubbles dissipate. This rather short duration of vascular enhancement makes it easy to perform repeated dynamic studies. Intravenous vascular contrast agents will be used in imaging malignant tumors in the liver, kidney, ovary, pancreas, prostate, and breast. Tumor neovascularization can be a marker for angiogenesis, and Doppler signals from small tumor vessels may be detectable after contrast injection. Contrast agents are useful for evaluating vessels in a variety of organs, including those involved in renal, hepatic, and pancreatic transplants. If an area of ischemia or a stenosis is detected after contrast administration, the use of other more expensive imaging modalities, including CT and MRI, can often be avoided.

See also Acoustically Active Lipospheres.
Musculoskeletal and Joint Ultrasound
Ultrasound is an ideal tool to examine the joints and surrounding soft tissues like tendons, ligaments and joint linings. Musculoskeletal and joint sonography is sensitive, without radiation exposure, easy accessible, quick, and has high patient tolerability with relatively low cost.
A real-time scanner allow the dynamic assessment of the musculoskeletal system and a specific examination for each patient. In addition, joint aspiration and injection accuracy can be improved. Probes with high frequency improve the image resolution and allow visualization of fine anatomic structures of the small parts. As musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) is very operator dependent, experience and training is required. Ultrasound is also often used in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders.

See also Ultrasound Therapy, Real-Time Mode, Artifact and Ultrasound Biomicroscopy.
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